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The study of the human body and its functions and how it adapts to changes in its environment. It can be broken up into three main disciplines: biomedical sciences, cellular biology, and neurobiology. Firdous physiology is the study of how our organs function, both individually and in relation to one another, how they are affected by their environments, what diseases are caused by malfunctions in these organs or areas of the body, and what treatments or foods will help these problems. In this way it relates to the fields of biology and medicine. In 1766 Italian physician Francesco Redi observed that maggots emerged from rotting meat, but not from intact meat or from cheese or wine. In 1829, Louis Pasteur observed that microorganisms caused fermentation and putrefaction. In 1876, Robert Koch observed that microorganisms could be isolated in pure culture. In the late 19th century Max Schultze was one of the first scientists to make a connection between bacteria and disease, leading to the eventual realization that many diseases are caused by microorganisms. In 1928 Alexander Fleming observed a mold killing bacteria on a plate, which led to the discovery of penicillin as well as other antibiotics. The study of the human body and its functions, especially when affected by disease or abnormal reaction. The 2nd century physician Galen is considered the father of this area of medicine, known as clinical medicine, because he was able to study aspects of human body using autopsies. The branch of science that deals with the chemical composition, structure, physical properties and change of matter at the molecular level. The early pioneers in molecular biology include Friedrich Miescher (1844-1894), who discovered DNA in 1869; Dmitri Ivanovsky (1864-1945), who discovered tobacco mosaic virus in 1892; and Oswald Avery (1877-1955) who identified DNA as genetic material in 1944. The branch of medicine that deals with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease. More specifically, it is concerned with proper use of drugs or surgery to maintain or restore health, reduce pain, or prevent disease. The study of the brain and its function along with studies on how they are affected by chemicals among other things. The 19th century neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot had a fascination with hysteria, leading him to research how it affected the nervous system. In 1885 German physiologist Walter Hess showed that simple reflex actions require coordination between multiple areas of the brain. In 1949 neurosurgeon Wilder Penfield introduced the Montreal procedure for epilepsy which involved recording electrical activity in patients' brains during surgery. The study of the human brain and its functions. Known as neuropsychology, it is used in such areas as criminal investigations (such as finger prints), neurolinguistics (to test for brain damage), and in understanding the functions of different parts of the brain. Today there is a large field based on functional brain imaging: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Electroencephalography, Magnetoencephalography and Physiological Magnetic Resonance Imaging. This uses magnetic fields and electromagnetic signals to observe neural activity in live patients, which can be detected with computerized scanners. eccc085e13
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